Lesson by Bill Bigelow and student reading by Howard Zinn. Interactive activity introduces students to the history and often untold story of the U. Roles available in Spanish. By Gilda L. Reflections on teaching students about the walkouts by Chicano students in California. A role play on the history of the Vietnam War that is left out of traditional textbooks. By Bill Bigelow and Linda Christensen. Empathy, or "social imagination," allows students to connect to "the other" with whom, on the surface, they may appear to have little in common.
Rethinking the U. By Bob Peterson. A role play on the Constitutional Convention which brings to life the social forces active during and immediately following the American Revolution with focus on two key topics: suffrage and slavery. By Doug Sherman. The author describes how he uses biographies and film to introduce students to the role of people involved in the Civil Rights Movement beyond the familiar heroes.
He emphasizes the role and experiences of young people in the Movement. Below are classroom resources for teaching about the U. Constitution and the all too brief and often overlooked history of the Reconstruction era.
Related Resources. Teaching Activities Free. Teaching Activity. The U. Constitution endorsed slavery and favored the interests of the owning classes. What kind of Constitution would have resulted from founders who were representative of the entire country? Section Two of the 14th Amendment repealed the three-fifths clause Article I, Section 2, Clause 3 of the original Constitution, which counted enslaved people as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning congressional representation.
With slavery outlawed by the 13th Amendment, this clarified that all residents, regardless of race, should be counted as one whole person. This section also guaranteed that all male citizens over age 21, no matter their race, had a right to vote. Southern states continued to deny Black men the right to vote using a collection of state and local statutes during the Jim Crow era.
Subsequent amendments to the Constitution granted women the right to vote and lowered the legal voting age to Section Three of the amendment, gave Congress the authority to bar public officials, who took an oath of allegiance to the U.
Constitution, from holding office if they "engaged in insurrection or rebellion" against the Constitution. The intent was to prevent the president from allowing former leaders of the Confederacy to regain power within the U.
It states that a two-thirds majority vote in Congress is required to allow public officials who had engaged in rebellion to regain the rights of American citizenship and hold government or military office. It states that: "No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof.
Section Four of the 14th Amendment prohibited payment of any debt owed to the defunct Confederate States of America. It also banned any payments to former enslavers as compensation for the loss of human "property" enslaved people. In giving Congress power to pass laws to safeguard the sweeping provisions of Section One, in particular, the 14th Amendment effectively altered the balance of power between the federal and state governments in the United States. Nearly a century later, Congress used this authority to pass landmark civil rights legislation, including the Civil Rights Act of and the Voting Rights Act of In its early decisions involving the 14th Amendment, the Supreme Court often limited the application of its protections on a state and local level.
In Plessy v. Ferguson , the Court ruled that racially segregated public facilities did not violate the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment, a decision that would help establish infamous Jim Crow laws throughout the South for decades to come.
But beginning in the s, the Supreme Court increasingly applied the protections of the 14th Amendment on the state and local level. It was not until that Congress passed the Indian Citizenship Act, which granted Native Americans citizenship rights as well.
The 14th Amendment has five sections. The first section introduces the citizenship law for all people born in the country or naturalized. This section also covers the limitations of state laws, which cannot supersede federal laws that govern citizens.
States cannot deprive citizens of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. Due process of law means that legal proceedings have to be fair and that citizens need to be given notice and a chance to be heard before any rulings are made. When originally passed, the 14th Amendment was designed to grant citizenship rights to African-Americans, and it states that citizenship cannot be taken from anyone unless someone gives it up or commits perjury during the naturalization process.
In , delegates of the Constitutional Convention had reached a compromise for determining the number of representatives each state would have in the U.
House of Representatives. Called the three-fifths compromise, this agreement stated that every five slaves would be counted as three people when determining population for the number of representatives and taxes owed.
Section 2 of the 14th Amendment removed this law from the Constitution, giving freed slaves full weight as citizens. The only adult male citizens who were denied the right to vote were those convicted of crimes.
Two years later, the ratified statement became a constitutional cornerstone. Prior to the Fourteenth Amendment, the Bill of Rights only applied against abuses by the national government. After the Fourteenth Amendment's ratification, these protections applied equally against the states. The debate over a new amendment began at the start of a new Congress in December and extended until June of Congress left many of the details to the Joint Committee on Reconstruction -- a special congressional committee comprised of leading members of Congress, including Thaddeus Stevens, John Bingham, and Jacob Howard.
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