Physical chemists study a wide array of topics such as the rates of reactions kinetics , the way that light and matter interact spectroscopy , how electrons are arranged in atoms and molecules quantum mechanics , and the stabilities and reactivities of different compounds and processes thermodynamics. In all of these cases, physical chemists try to understand what is happening on an atomic level, and why.
Students who concentrate in physical chemistry may go onto pursue careers in industry, research or teaching. A lot of the current physical chemistry research in industry and academia combines the techniques and ideas from several fields. For example, some chemists apply physical chemistry techniques to investigations of the mechanisms of organic reactions what collisions and bond rearrangements occur, how fast are they, how many steps are there, etc.
Others apply physical techniques to the study of biological systems why do proteins fold into the shapes that they have, how is structure related to function, what makes a nerve work, etc.
Still others may use physical techniques to characterize polymers or study environmental systems. Inorganic Inorganic chemistry is commonly thought of as those areas within chemistry that do not deal with carbon. However, carbon is very important in many inorganic compounds, and there is a whole area of study known as organometallic chemistry that is truly a hybrid of the traditional disciplines of organic and inorganic chemistry. Some areas of inorganic chemistry that are especially important are catalysis, materials chemistry, and bioinorganic chemistry.
Catalysts are chemical entities that increase the rate of a reaction without being consumed, and are typically based upon transition metals usually organometallic complexes of transition metals. This is an extremely important area to industry, and many of the chemists who would be identified as inorganic or organometallic chemists work in this area.
Materials Chemistry is an area concerned with the design and synthesis of materials that allow the advance of technologies in nearly every area of society. Often, inorganic chemists working in this area are concerned with the synthesis and characterization of solid state compounds or inorganic polymers such as silicones. Bioinorganic chemists study the function of metal-containing compounds within living organisms. Students who concentrate in inorganic chemistry often go on to work in industry in polymer or materials science, do research or teach in inorganic chemistry, or pursue other related job opportunities.
Biochemistry Biochemistry is the study of the chemical principles underlying basic biological systems. What is the difference between biochemical, pharmaceutical, and diagnostic chemical reactions in What is the difference between biochemical, pharmaceutical, and diagnostic chemical reactions in healthcare?
What is a specific example that exists for each of these chemical reaction types above and why might it be of importance to healthcare professionals? List a balanced chemical equation for each of these chemical reaction types and explain how it is used in your example above.
Jan 28 PM. Trisha A answered on January 30, Biochemical reactions are reactions that occur within the bodies and cells of living organisms. Biochemical reactions involve catabolism and anabolism which together are known as metabolism.
Thus, biochemical reactions are metabolic reactions which involve either breaking down of large complex molecules into simpler molecules or joining of small molecules to form large molecules. These reactions occur with the help of enzymes which are protein in nature and involve carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids and other biological molecules.
Pharmaceutical reactions are reactions and interactions of pharmaceutical drugs with the body. It is used by healthcare professionals to find the effectiveness of a drug to cure any disease or disorder. Pharmaceutical drugs usually have specific receptors on them which interact with molecules of the body and cause change in the response of an organism. These reactions can also be called pharmaceutical drug reactions.
Two drugs can also interact with each other to decrease or increase effectiveness of each other. The chemical reactions are described using chemical equations. The chemical equations consist of the starting materials, end products, sometimes intermediate products, and reaction conditions. These reactions take place at a characteristic reaction rate at a peculiar temperature and chemical concentration.
Typically, the reaction rate increases with the increase in temperature because there is more thermal energy available to reach the activation energy required for breaking bonds between atoms. Reactions may proceed in to forward or reverse direction until they reach equilibrium.
Moreover, chemical reactions are further classified into different subtypes such as synthesis reactions , decompositions reactions , addition reactions, substitution reactions , precipitation reactions , neutralization reactions, and redox reactions. A biochemical reaction is the transformation of one molecule to a different molecule only inside a living cell.
Biochemical reactions are mainly controlled by enzymes. These proteins specifically can control single reactions. The reactions can be controlled by enzymes very precisely. The reaction takes place in the specific region of the enzyme. This region is an active site. It is a small part of the enzyme which is usually found in a cleft. It has several peculiar amino acid residues.
The rest of the enzyme is mainly for stabilization. The catalytic function of enzymes relies on several factors, including molecular shape, bond strain, proximity, and orientation of substrate molecules relative to the enzyme, proton donation or withdrawal, electrostatic interactions, etc. The biochemical reactions that occur in biological cells are known as metabolism. It divides into two types: anabolism and catabolism.
Anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules.
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